High School Science WVCCRS Standards

Impacts of Computing

Programming and Algorithms

Data and Information

Networks and Cyber Infrastructure

Computer Science and Computational Thinking

Develop and apply criteria for evaluating a computer system for a given purpose.

Create computer program(s) to solve specific problems relevant to various real-world topics both independently and collaboratively.

Explain the national and global economic impact of cybercrime.

Analyze the negative and positive impact of new technology socially and globally.

Test and refine computational artifacts to reduce bias and equity deficits.

Use tools and methods for collaborating on a project to increase connectivity of people in different cultures and career fields.

Explain how abstractions hide the underlying implementation details of computing systems embedded in everyday objects.

Analyze reliable and safe communication methods to transmit information among computing devices over the network.

Analyze the utilization of computers and networks.

Store, transmit, and manipulate data electronically.

Use tools to graphically represent the data and information.

Create computational models for simulating real-world system.

Organize and create a modular program.

Compare the effectiveness of the algorithms.

Engineering Design

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Engineering Design

Forensic Science

Engineering Design

Environmental Science

Engineering Design

Electricity and Magnetism

Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

States of Matter

Energy

Forces and Interactions

Physics/Physical Science

Engineering Design

Applications of Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions

Structure and Properties of Matter

Chemistry/Physical Science

Engineering Design

Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

Forces and Interactions

Energy

Physical Science/Physics

Chemical Reactions

Structure and Properties of Matter

Physical Science/Chemistry

Engineering Design

Natural Selection and Evolution

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

Structure and Function

Biology

Engineering Design

Human Sustainability

Weather and Climate

Earth's Systems

History of Earth

Space Systems

Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science

Earth and Space Science

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.

Use mathematical and/or computational representations to support explanations of factors that affect carrying capacity of ecosystems at different scales.

Use mathematical representations to support and revise explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems of different scales.

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that the complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and types of organisms in stable conditions, but changing conditions may result in a new ecosystem possibly leading to speciation.

Design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity.

Create or revise a simulation to test a solution to mitigate adverse impacts of human activity on biodiversity.

Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.

Develop and use a model to demonstrate the role of DNA and chromosomes in coding the instructions for characteristic traits passed from parents to offspring.

Make and defend a claim based on evidence that inheritable genetic variations may result from:<ul><li>new genetic combinations through meiosis</li><li>viable errors occurring during replication</li><li>mutations caused by environmental factors.</li></ul>

Apply concepts of statistics and probability to explain the variation and distribution of expressed traits in a population.

Engage in argumentation utilizing evidence to support common ancestry and biological evolution.<ul><li>phylogenetic trees</li><li>cladograms.</li></ul>

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that the process of evolution primarily results from four factors:<ul><li>potential for a species to increase in number</li><li>heritable genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction</li><li>competition for limited resources</li><li>the proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce in the environment.</li></ul>

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations.

Evaluate the evidence supporting claims that changes in environmental conditions drive natural selection.

Analyze a major global challenge to specify qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions that account for societal needs and wants.

Design a solution to a complex real-world problem by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable problems that can be solved through engineering.

Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics, as well as possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts.

Use a computer simulation to model the impact of proposed solutions to a complex real-world problem with numerous criteria and constraints on interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem.

Identify and describe the characteristics of living organisms based on taxonomic classification systems.

Develop and use a model to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

Use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed resulting in a net transfer of energy.

Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for the cycling of matter and flow of energy in aerobic and anaerobic respiration in different environments.

Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy between trophic levels in an ecosystem.<ul><li>transfer of calories</li><li>energy loss (entropy)</li><li>10% Rule</li><li>bioaccumulation.</li></ul>

Develop a model to illustrate the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of carbon among the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.

Use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.

Use systematic rules for measuring with certainty to determine intrinsic and extrinsic properties of matter relating to:<ul><li>specific heat</li><li>density</li><li>melting point</li><li>freezing point</li><li>boiling point</li><li>color, volume, length, mass, weight, texture.</li></ul>

Apply the relationship among pressure, temperature, and volume of a gas utilizing graph construction and data generation to illustrate the gas laws in reference to:<ul><li>Ideal Gas Law</li><li>Boyle's Law</li><li>Charles's Law</li><li>Combined Gas Law.</li></ul>

Construct and interpret a phase diagram/heating curve for a substance identifying boiling point, melting point, triple point, and critical point.

Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties.

Classify, predict products of, and write balanced equations for chemical reaction types including single replacement, double replacement, composition, decomposition, combustion, redox, and neutralization.

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a chemical reaction.

Generate mole conversions that demonstrate correct application of Avogadro's number, molar mass, density, scientific notation, and significant figures in reference to:<ul><li>mass to number of particles</li><li>number of particles to volume</li><li>volume to mass.</li></ul>

Perform the following "mole" calculations showing answers rounded to the correct number of significant figures:<ul><li>molarity</li><li>percentage composition</li><li>empirical formulas</li><li>molecular formulas</li><li>formulas of hydrates</li><li>mole-mole and mass-mass stoichiometry</li><li>determination of limiting reactant</li><li>theoretical yield.</li></ul>

Classify exothermic & endothermic reactions by the direction of heat flow in a chemical reaction as observed by changes in temperature.

Compare and contrast the defining characteristics of the characteristics of the Arrhenius theory of acids and bases and Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases.

Investigate the chemical and physical properties of acids and bases and evaluate their applications.

Calculate properties of matter using the significant figure rules for addition/subtraction and multiplication/division and correctly reporting answers using scientific notation.

Compare methods of measuring pH:<ul><li>chemical indicators</li><li>indicator papers</li><li>pH meters.</li></ul>

Analyze the pH of solutions based on the logarithmic pH scale and concentrations of hydronium or hydroxide ions.

Plan and conduct an investigation to evaluate the factors that affect the rate at which a solute dissolves in a specific solvent then develop a model to illustrate the process of dissolving.

Measure, quantitatively compare and interpret solubility curves of chemical species in solution types including unsaturated and supersaturated solutions.

Apply scientific principles and evidence to provide an explanation about the effects of changing the temperature or concentration of the reacting particles on the rate at which a reaction occurs.

Design a properly working electrolytic cell based on redox principles.

Develop models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus of the atom and the energy released during the processes of fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.

Communicate scientific and technical information about why the molecular-level structure and shape is important in the functioning of designed materials in reference to:<ul><li>polymers</li><li>plastics</li><li>pharmaceuticals</li><li>vaccines.</li></ul>

Analyze a major global challenge to specify qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions that account for societal needs and wants.

Design a solution to a complex real-world problem by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable problems that can be solved through engineering.

Compare and contrast the properties of matter to classify as homogeneous or heterogeneous; pure substance or mixture; element or compound; metals, nonmetals, or metalloids; solution, colloid or suspension, including relative strengths of ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.

Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics, as well as possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts.

Use a computer simulation to model the impact of proposed solutions to a complex real-world problem with numerous criteria and constraints on interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem.

Research and evaluate contributions (e.g., experimental design, atomic models) to the evolution of the atomic theory in relation to:<ul><li>isotopes</li><li>atoms</li><li>ions</li><li>atomic notation.</li></ul>

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms in relation to:<ul><li>atomic size</li><li>ionic size</li><li>electronegativity</li><li>ionization energy</li><li>electron affinity.</li></ul>

Describe atoms and molecules using the Quantum and VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theories.

Produce electron configurations and orbital diagrams for any element on the periodic table and predict the chemical properties of the element from the electron configuration.

Construct the names/formulas of ionic and molecular compounds and simple-chained hydrocarbons based on the bonding arrangement and structures of molecules.

Investigate and explain water's role as a solvent based upon its physical, chemical, and colligative properties.

Compare and contrast the rate elements cycle through the ecosphere, describing natural and human influences on reaction rates:<ul><li>carbon</li><li>nitrogen</li><li>phosphorus</li><li>oxygen</li><li>sulfur.</li></ul>

Analyze biological diversity as it relates to the stability of an ecosystem.

Relate habitat changes to plant and animal populations and climate influences:<ul><li>variations in habitat size</li><li>fragmentation</li><li>fluctuation in conditions of abiotic factors</li><li>albedo</li><li>surface temperature.</li></ul>

Compare and contrast local, state, and federal legislation and international agreements associated with protecting habitats, ecosystems, and species:<ul><li>Superfund (CERCLA)</li><li>Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act</li><li>Wilderness Act</li><li>Endangered Species Act</li><li>Marine Mammals Act</li><li>Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES).</li></ul>

Illustrate how changes in wind patterns or ocean temperatures can affect weather in different parts of the world:<ul><li>El Nino</li><li>La Nina</li><li>Santa Ana winds.</li></ul>

Identify natural and anthropogenic sources of primary, secondary, and indoor air pollutants and the resulting environmental and health effects.

Explain the formation of acid rain and describe the resulting effect on soil, plants, water, and statues.

Identify causes for the thinning of the ozone layer and evaluate the effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol for reducing ozone depletion.

Debate climate change as it relates to natural forces, greenhouse gases, human changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, and relevant laws and treaties.

Identify sources, uses, quality, conservation, and global distribution of water.

Create models to show surface and groundwater flows in a local drainage and explain how surface and ground water are related.

Explain how the chemical components of biological and physical processes fit in the overall process of biogeochemical cycling such as photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen fixation, or decomposition.

Contrast point source and non-point source water pollutants.

Use GIS data to analyze the parameters of a watershed and interpret physical, chemical, and biological data as a means of assessing environmental quality.

Examine legislation associated with the protection of water:<ul><li>Clean Water Act</li><li>London Dumping Convention of 1972.</li></ul>

Describe the processes involved and compare different methods of wastewater treatment.

Utilize soil classification and analysis methods to make recommendations for soil conservation practices. Analysis could include the following:<ul><li>texture</li><li>moisture content</li><li>supported vegetation</li><li>color</li><li>pH</li><li>porosity</li><li>nitrogen</li><li>phosphorus</li><li>potassium</li><li>organic compounds.</li></ul>

Analyze best management practices of the agriculture business:<ul><li>fertilizers</li><li>integrated pest management</li><li>associated water pollution</li><li>irrigation practices</li><li>agricultural waste.</li></ul>

Research and describe how communities have restored or protected ecosystems:<ul><li>remediation</li><li>mitigation</li><li>rehabilitation</li><li>reclamation</li><li>preservation.</li></ul>

Evaluate solid waste management practices:<ul><li>recycling</li><li>incineration</li><li>sanitary landfills</li><li>hazardous waste disposal.</li></ul>

Analyze a major global challenge to specify qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions that account for societal needs and wants.

Design a solution to a complex real-world problem by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable problems that can be solved through engineering.

Analyze and evaluate the use and availability of renewable and nonrenewable energy resources:<ul><li>coal</li><li>solar</li><li>biomass</li><li>biofuels</li><li>hydropower</li><li>natural gas</li><li>wind</li><li>geothermal</li><li>nuclear.</li></ul>

Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics, as well as possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts.

Use a computer simulation to model the impact of proposed solutions to a complex real-world problem with numerous criteria and constraints on interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem.

Evaluate environmental and economic advantages and disadvantages of using nonrenewable and renewable energy.

Differentiate various means of generating electricity in terms of the transformation of energy among forms, the relationship of matter and energy, and efficiency/production of heat energy.

Explain how technology has influenced the sustainability of natural resources over time:<ul><li>forestry practices</li><li>fossil fuels</li><li>farming.</li></ul>

Relate logistic, exponential, and irruptive population growth to population dynamics including:<ul><li>natural selection</li><li>predator/prey relationships</li><li>reproductive strategies</li><li>carrying capacity</li><li>limiting factors.</li></ul>

Create food web diagrams to explain how adding and/or removing a species from an ecosystem may affect other organisms and the entire ecosystem.

Evaluate the leading causes of species decline and premature extinction:<ul><li>habitat destruction and degradation</li><li>invasive species</li><li>pollution</li><li>human population growth</li><li>over exploitation.</li></ul>

Develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the life span of the sun and the role of nuclear fusion in the sun's core to release energy that eventually reaches Earth in the form of radiation in relation to:<ul><li>atomic structure</li><li>periodic table</li><li>energy transfer</li><li>fusion vs fission</li><li>structure of the sun</li><li>sunspots and other solar phenomenon (space weather).</li></ul>

Plan and conduct investigations of the properties of water and its effects on Earth materials and surface processes.<ul><li>water cycle</li><li>mechanical & chemical weathering</li><li>chemical reactions</li><li>solutions</li><li>pH scale.</li></ul>

Develop a quantitative model to describe the cycling of carbon among the hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere.<ul><li>biogeochemical cycles</li><li>carbon cycle</li><li>carbon reservoirs</li><li>carbon budget.</li></ul>

Construct an argument based on evidence about the simultaneous coevolution of Earth systems and life on Earth.<ul><li>Earth's history</li><li>evolution of earth's atmosphere</li><li>soil development</li><li>requirements for life and how they change with changing earth conditions.</li></ul>

Use a model to describe how variations in the flow of energy into and out of Earth systems result in changes in climate.<ul><li>changes in climate</li><li>orbital changes, precession, and Milankovitch cycles</li><li>volcanic impacts</li><li>ocean circulation impacts on atmosphere</li><li>glaciation</li><li>atmospheric composition.</li></ul>

Analyze geoscience data and the results from the global climate models to make an evidence-based forecast of the current rate of global or regional climate change and associated future impacts to Earth systems.<ul><li>local barometric pressure</li><li>precipitation</li><li>relative humidity</li><li>clouds</li><li>air temperature</li><li>surface temperature</li><li>rising sea level.</li></ul>

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the availability of natural resources, occurrence of natural hazards, and changes in climate have influenced human activity. Examples include:<ul><li>access to fresh water-surface and groundwater</li><li>fertile soils-river deltas</li><li>fossil fuels and mining</li><li>natural disasters</li><li>severe weather</li><li>rising sea level</li><li>mass migrations.</li></ul>

Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. <ul><li>conservation, reuse, recycling</li><li>soil conservation</li><li>mining and drilling</li><li>rare earth mineral mining for technology products.</li></ul>

Create a computational simulation to illustrate the relationships among management of natural resources, the sustainability of human populations, and biodiversity.<ul><li>cost of resource extraction</li><li>waste management</li><li>consumption</li><li>new technology development.</li></ul>

Evaluate or refine a technological solution that reduces impacts of human activities on natural systems.<ul><li>data examples include:<ul><li>point and non-point pollution</li><li>changes in biodiversity</li><li>land use via aerial or satellite imaging</li></ul></li><li>deducing impact examples include:<ul><li>local efforts in recycling</li><li>watershed or stream monitoring</li><li>geoengineering design solutions.</li></ul></li></ul>

Use a computational representation to illustrate the relationships among Earth systems and how those relationships are being modified due to human activity. <ul><li>hydrosphere</li><li>atmosphere</li><li>cryosphere</li><li>geosphere</li><li>biosphere</li><li>connection between carbon dioxide concentrations and photosynthetic biomass</li><li>ocean acidification</li><li>increasing ocean temperatures.</li></ul>

Construct an explanation of the Big Bang theory based on astronomical evidence of light spectra, motion of distant galaxies, and composition of matter in the universe.<ul><li>expansion of the universe</li><li>frequency & wavelength</li><li>origin theories of the universe</li><li>blue shift/ redshift</li><li>Hubble constant</li><li>dark matter/dark energy</li><li>cosmic background radiation</li><li>EMspectrum</li><li>properties of light.</li></ul>

Analyze a major global challenge to specify qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions that account for societal needs and wants. In reference to:<ul><li>natural disasters</li><li>lack of water</li><li>resources</li><li>climate change.</li></ul>

Design a solution to a complex real-world problem by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable problems that can be solved through engineering. In reference to:<ul><li>tsunamis</li><li>earthquakes</li><li>volcanic eruptions</li><li>flooding</li><li>coastal erosion</li><li>water quality.</li></ul>

Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics, as well as possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts in reference to:<ul><li>tsunamis</li><li>earthquakes</li><li>volcanic eruptions</li><li>flooding</li><li>coastal erosion</li><li>water quality.</li></ul>

Use a computer simulation to model the impact of proposed solutions to a complex real-world problem with numerous criteria and constraints on interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem in reference to:<ul><li>GIS</li><li>disaster simulations.</li></ul>

Use at least two different formats (e.g., oral, graphical, textual, mathematical) to communicate scientific ideas about the way stars, over their life cycle, produce elements.<ul><li>HR diagram</li><li>life cycle of stars</li><li>atomic theory</li><li>periodic table</li><li>fusion vs fission</li><li>nucleosynthesis.</li></ul>

Use mathematical or computational representations (modeling) to predict the motion of orbiting objects in the solar system.<ul><li>introduce velocity and acceleration</li><li>modeling Kepler's Laws</li><li>Newtonian Gravity.</li></ul>

Evaluate evidence of the past and current movements of continental and oceanic crust and the theory of plate tectonics to explain the ages of crustal rocks.<ul><li>Hypothesis of Continental Drift<ul><li>fossil evidence</li></ul></li><li>seafloor spreading</li><li>slab-push/plate pull</li><li>subduction</li><li>magnetic field reversal</li><li>oceanic vs continental crust.</li></ul>

Apply scientific reasoning and evidence from ancient Earth materials, meteorites, and other planetary surfaces to construct an account of Earth's formation and early history.<ul><li>xenoliths</li><li>radiometric dating</li><li>relative dating</li><li>cratering</li><li>moon origin theories.</li></ul>

Develop a model to illustrate how Earth's internal and surface processes operate at different spatial and temporal scales to form continental and ocean-floor features through a process of constructive and destructive forces.<ul><li>constructive forces<ul><li>volcanic activity</li><li>tectonic forces</li><li>mineral formation</li><li>rock formation</li></ul></li><li>destructive forces<ul><li>subduction</li><li>convection</li><li>coastal erosion</li><li>weathering</li></ul></li><li>mass wasting.</li></ul>

Analyze geoscience data to make the claim that one change to Earth's surface can create feedbacks that cause changes to other Earth systems.<ul><li>map and GIS data interpretation</li><li>examples could include:<ul><li>coastal erosion</li><li>greenhouse gasses</li><li>global temperatures</li><li>rising ocean levels</li><li>loss of wetlands</li><li>acid rain</li><li>injection wells/earthquakes</li><li>loss of ground vegetation/erosion.</li></ul></li></ul>

Develop a model based on seismic and magnetic evidence of Earth's interior to describe the cycling of matter by thermal convection and the resulting plate tectonics.<ul><li>layers of the Earth</li><li>density</li><li>heat transfer</li><li>temperature gradients</li><li>radioactive decay</li><li>differentiation</li><li>Earth's formation</li><li>chemical composition</li><li>seismic waves.</li></ul>

Identify evidence which encompasses materials establishing a link between a crime and its victim or a crime and its perpetrator:<ul><li>impressions (tire, tool, teeth, shoes)</li><li>prints (finger, lip, voice)</li><li>hair and fiber analysis</li><li>drugs and poisons</li><li>ballistics</li><li>soil and pollen</li><li>glass</li><li>serology</li><li>questioned documents.</li></ul>

Apply forensic entomology to assess a crime scene:<ul><li>Berlese funnel</li><li>life cycles.</li></ul>

Analyze bones and teeth as forensic evidence:<ul><li>type</li><li>articulation</li><li>origin</li><li>sex</li><li>age</li><li>race</li><li>stature</li><li>disease/injury.</li></ul>

Analyze blood samples as evidence:<ul><li>ABO system</li><li>Rh factor</li><li>DNA fingerprinting</li><li>blood spatter.</li></ul>

Investigate forensic applications of chromatography:<ul><li>inks and dyes</li><li>cosmetics</li><li>calculation of Rf values.</li></ul>

Explore earth science concepts as they relate to forensic science:<ul><li>rock and mineral identification</li><li>classify soils' common constituents in relation to crime scene location.</li></ul>

Identify and describe agents and processes of degradation of evidence:<ul><li>weathering</li><li>scavengers.</li></ul>

Solve multi-step problems involving velocity, acceleration, net force, and projectile motion during analysis of crime scene:<ul><li>Ballistics</li><li>vehicular collisions.</li></ul>

Utilize biometric techniques for forensic science investigations:<ul><li>prints</li><li>recognition scans</li><li>anthropometry.</li></ul>

Research and evaluate technological advances and careers related to the field of forensics.

Investigate and analyze forensic evidence using handwriting analysis, forgery, and counterfeiting.

Distinguish between types of evidence:<ul><li>testimonial</li><li>physical: individual and class</li><li>quantitative</li><li>qualitative.</li></ul>

Analyze a major global challenge to specify qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions that account for societal needs and wants.

Design a solution to a complex real-world problem by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable problems that can be solved through engineering.

Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics, as well as possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts.

Use a computer simulation to model the impact of proposed solutions to a complex real-world problem with numerous criteria and constraints on interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem.

Analyze modes of transfer and the factors affecting persistence of evidence (Locard's Exchange Principle):<ul><li>indirect</li><li>direct</li></ul>

Demonstrate steps of crime scene processing:<ul><li>note-taking</li><li>photography</li><li>sketching to scale</li><li>evidence collection</li><li>chain of custody.</li></ul>

Model techniques of collecting and developing prints on various objects and textures:<ul><li>physical (dusting powders)</li><li>chemical (ninhydrin, iodine, cyanoacrylate).</li></ul>

Examine the absorption and effects of toxins in the human body:<ul><li>alcohol</li><li>drugs</li><li>poisons.</li></ul>

Identify known and unknown substances utilizing the techniques of forensic toxicology:<ul><li>white powders</li><li>blood alcohol</li><li>over the counter/illicit drugs</li><li>gas chromatography charts.</li></ul>

Discuss and cite evidence of biological and chemical hazards and their impact on society and the environment:<ul><li>arson</li><li>bombs</li><li>bioterrorism</li><li>environmental terrorism.</li></ul>

Validate, classify, and analyze fingerprints as individual evidence:<ul><li>type</li><li>pattern</li><li>minutiae.</li></ul>

Apply directional terminology to locate human body structures:<ul><li>superior-inferior</li><li>dorsal-ventral</li><li>proximal-distal</li><li>medial-lateral</li><li>superficial-deep.</li></ul>

Classify the various types of neurons emphasizing the relationship of structure and function.

Model the mechanism of a nerve impulse at the cellular and molecular levels.

Compare and contrast the parts and functions of the central and peripheral nervous system including the autonomic portions.

Apply the structure of the ear and eye to their function/dysfunction in relation to environmental perception.

Apply the action of specific enzymes to their roles in bodily functions.

Incorporate the role of endocrine glands and their hormones into the overall functions and dysfunctions of the body.

Analyze the role of components and processes of the digestive system in supplying essential nutrients.

Explain how structures of the respiratory system are essential to cellular respiration, gas exchange and communication.

Illustrate the structures of the circulatory and lymphatic systems and the function of blood to the role of:<ul><li>transportation</li><li>cellular support</li><li>defense.</li></ul>

Compare the compatibility of blood types and assess the molecular basis for blood functions.

Describe the organizational levels, interdependency, and the interaction of:<ul><li>cells</li><li>tissues</li><li>organs</li><li>organ systems.</li></ul>

Integrate the functions of the excretory system to the maintenance of the other body systems.

Compare and contrast the structure and function of male and female reproductive systems.

Outline the events of reproduction for the formation of gametes through fertilizations and embryological development.

Assess the role of components of the immune system in defending the body.

Research disease causative factors, symptoms, prevention, and treatment.

Analyze a major global challenge to specify qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions that account for societal needs and wants.

Design a solution to a complex real-world problem by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable problems that can be solved through engineering.

Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics, as well as possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts.

Use a computer simulation to model the impact of proposed solutions to a complex real-world problem with numerous criteria and constraints on interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem.

Categorize, by structure and function, the four main human tissue types:<ul><li>muscle</li><li>epithelial</li><li>connective</li><li>nervous.</li></ul>

Relate the structure of the integumentary system to its function as a/an:<ul><li>sensory organ</li><li>environmental barrier</li><li>temperature regulator.</li></ul>

Correlate the structure and function of the elements of the skeletal system:<ul><li>bone</li><li>articulations</li><li>insertions.</li></ul>

Model the mechanisms of muscular contraction on the cellular and molecular levels.

Integrate the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems to the functioning of the organism.

Model the muscular system including:<ul><li>locations</li><li>origins</li><li>insertions</li><li>muscle groups</li><li>types of muscles.</li></ul>

Relate how bone tissue is important to the development of the human skeleton.

Use systematic rules for measuring with certainty and accurately perform calculations using significant figure rules for addition/subtraction and multiplication/division to determine distance, speed/velocity, and acceleration of objects.

Analyze the motion of a projectile; appraise data, either textbook generated or laboratory collected, for motion in one and/or two dimensions, then select the correct mathematical method for communicating the value of unknown variables.

Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known.

Evaluate the conservation of energy and momentum and deduce solutions for elastic and inelastic collisions.

Evaluate the forces of a system to quantify the change in energy of a system as work and interpret the rate of energy changes as power.

Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (Second Law of Thermodynamics).

Conduct experiments to evaluate the application of metals based on internal structure and physical properties in relation to:<ul><li>thermal expansion</li><li>electrical/thermal conductivity</li><li>magnetism.</li></ul>

Assess the magnitude of buoyant force on submerged and floating objects.

Evaluate the compressibility of fluids and apply the equation of continuity to analyze the mass flow rate of incompressible fluids.

Anticipate the effects of Bernoulli's principle on fluid motion.

Interpret graphical, algebraic, and/or trigonometric solutions to prove the values for vector components and resultants.

Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in various media while differentiating between longitudinal and transverse waves.

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model or a particle model, and that for some situations one model is more useful than the other.

Calculate the energy from electromagnetic radiation with differing frequencies that are absorbed by matter then propose possible applications for those materials.

Apply ray optics diagrams to lenses and mirrors; use the lens/mirror equation and the magnification equation to solve optics problems; justify the image results obtained by diagramming the ray optics of lenses and mirrors and/or by deducing the image information from the lens/mirror equation.

Apply Snell's Law to calculate either the angle of incidence or angle of refraction for refraction through various media.

Make claims about the diffraction/interference patterns produced when a wave passes through a small opening/set of openings.

Evaluate the photon model of light with evidence of the photoelectric effect.

Diagram magnetic fields for different types of magnets and evaluate the strength of magnetic fields based on field line density.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current.

Generate models of electric fields surrounding point charges and calculate the magnitude of electric force applied to a charge when placed at different positions in the electric field.

Develop free body diagrams to define a system experiencing balanced or unbalanced forces to justify Newton's Laws of Motion.

Qualitatively and quantitatively predict the interactions of charged particles when performing calculations using Coulomb's Law.

Construct and analyze electrical circuits and calculate Ohm's law problems for series and parallel circuits.

Distinguish between direct and alternating current and identify ways of generating each type.

Analyze a major global challenge to specify qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions that account for societal needs and wants.

Design a solution to a complex real-world problem by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable problems that can be solved through engineering.

Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics, as well as possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts.

Use a computer simulation to model the impact of proposed solutions to a complex real-world problem with numerous criteria and constraints on interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem.

Analyze data to support the claim that Newton's second law of motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration.

Identify the pair of equal and opposite forces between two interacting bodies and relate their magnitudes and directions using Newton's 3rd Law.

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when the system is closed.

Evaluate the conservation of energy and momentum and deduce solutions for elastic and inelastic collisions.

Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.

Develop and use a model to describe the mathematical relationship between mass, distance, and force as expressed by Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation.

Perform calculations involving equivalence statements for English and Metric conversions (e.g., Newtons/kg/lbs., km/mi., kg/g, km/m).

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that atoms, mass, energy, and charge are conserved during a chemical reaction.

Apply scientific principles and evidence to provide an explanation about the effects of changing the temperature or concentration of the reacting particles on the rate at which a reaction occurs.

Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would produce increased amounts of products at equilibrium.

Use models to identify chemical reactions as synthesis, decomposition, single- replacement, and double-replacement. Given the reactants, use these models to predict the products of those chemical reactions.

Experimentally evaluate the characteristics and interactions of acids and bases.

Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known.

Evaluate the forces of a system to quantify the change in energy of a system as work and interpret the rate of energy changes as power.

Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (Second Law of Thermodynamics).

Develop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects and the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction.

Compare and contrast the properties of matter to classify as homogeneous or heterogeneous; pure substance or mixture; element or compound; metals, nonmetals, or metalloids; solution, colloid or suspension.

Experimentally generate graphical data of distance, speed/velocity, and acceleration to analyze the motion of an object and justify and/or derive kinematic equations.

Analyze data to support the claim that Newton's second law of motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration.

Identify the pair of equal and opposite forces between two interacting bodies and relate their magnitudes and directions using Newton's 3rd Law.

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when the system is closed.

Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.

Develop and use a model to describe the mathematical relationship between mass, distance, and force as expressed by Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation.

Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in various media while differentiating between longitudinal and transverse waves.

Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter.

Qualitatively analyze the law of reflection, the law of refraction, and the relationship between the angle of incidence and angle of refraction.

Communicate technical information about how some technological devices use the principles of wave behavior and wave interactions with matter to transmit and capture information and energy (e.g., broadband, Bluetooth, satellites, and WiFi).

Plan and conduct an investigation to distinguish chemical properties of matter from physical properties of matter including boiling point, freezing/melting point, density, solubility, viscosity, and conductivity.

Analyze a major global challenge to specify qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions that account for societal needs and wants.

Design a solution to a complex real-world problem by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable problems that can be solved through engineering.

Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics, as well as possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts.

Use a computer simulation to model the impact of proposed solutions to a complex real-world problem with numerous criteria and constraints on interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem.

Compare the subatomic particles of an atom with regard to mass, location, and charge, then explain how these particles affect the properties of an atom including identity, mass, volume, and reactivity.

Analyze data and interpret the Periodic Table to determine trends of the following:<ul><li>number of valence electrons</li><li>types of ions formed by main group elements</li><li>location and properties of metals, nonmetals, metalloids</li><li>state phases at room temperature.</li></ul>

Identify the names/formulas of ionic and molecular compounds and simple-chained hydrocarbons based on the bonding arrangement and structures of molecules.

Investigate the properties of substances to classify them based on the relative strengths of ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.

Communicate scientific and technical information about why the molecular-level structure is important in the functioning of designed materials.

Analyze experimental evidence to distinguish between chemical and physical reactions.

Will explore security and privacy techniques.

Investigate social and ethical issues relating to digital information.

Evaluate appropriate and inappropriate uses of technology.

Impacts of Computing

Describe the major components and functions of networks.

Analyze the relationship between hardware and software.

Classify electronic devices containing computational processors that execute programs.

Computers and Communication Devices

Create, test, and use computer programs to solve problems.

Evaluate the use of programming languages to solve problems and develop systems.

Programming and Algorithms

Create and evaluate algorithms to solve problems.

Connect the development cycle of algorithm construction to problem-solving.

Evaluate different data representations to solve problems.

Computer Systems and Computational Thinking

Analyze the various mathematical bases (e.g., binary, decimal, hexadecimal) and convert between them.

Analyze decisions and strategies using probability and statistical concepts.

Utilize modeling and simulation techniques to represent and understand natural phenomena.

Examine classical algorithms (e.g., searching, sorting, and shortest path).

Manipulate formulas and equations and apply them to algorithm development.

Apply algorithm analysis and design techniques to solve problems.

Write algorithms to solve mathematical problems using formulas, equations, and functions.

Implement conditional statements that include if/then, if/then/else, case statements, and Boolean logic, in the design of algorithms.

Represent algorithms using flowcharts and pseudocode.

Combine standard function types using arithmetic operations.

Analyze algorithms for correctness, clarity, and efficiency.

Describe the relationship between binary and hexadecimal representations.

Compare and contrast computer programming languages and paradigms (e.g., compiled and interpreted languages, procedural and object-oriented paradigms).

Diagram the program execution process.

Determine the output of a given sample program without the use of a computer.

Implement computing applications using the following software development tools and techniques

branching (if, if-else)

declare, define, and reference variables

lists/arrays

looping (for, while, do/while)

recursion

sequencing

Use various debugging and testing methods to ensure program correctness.

Cite evidence to support or refute the correctness of software solutions.

Recognize that computers are devices that execute programs.

Identify a variety of electronic devices (e.g., cell phones, desktops, laptops, vehicles, programmable thermostats, and programmable kitchen appliances) that contain computational processors.

Describe unique features of computers embedded in mobile devices and vehicles.

Investigate the history of computers, identifying contributors and major milestones (e.g., Alan Turing, Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, Grace Hopper, analytical machine, ENIAC, IBM PC).

Convert information between various encoding formats (e.g., ASCII, Unicode, hexadecimal, binary).

Demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between hardware and software.

Develop criteria for purchasing or upgrading computer system hardware.

Describe primary components of computer systems (e.g., input, output, processing, and storage).

Explain multiple levels of hardware and software that support program execution (e.g., compilers, interpreters, operating systems, networks).

Apply strategies for identifying and solving routine hardware problems that occur during everyday computer use.

Describe how the Internet facilitates global communication.

Describe issues that impact network functionality (e.g., latency, bandwidth, firewalls, server capability).

Summarize appropriate and inappropriate technological behaviors, including issues of privacy, copyright, security, legalities, and politics.

Explore the ramifications of inappropriate uses of technology.

Investigate the national and global economic impact of cybercrime.

Compare techniques (e.g., sorting, statistics, searching) for analyzing massive data collections.

Discuss accessibility issues (e.g., adaptive technology for special needs individuals, censorship, geographical locations, and economically-disadvantaged populations).

Compare the reliability of various online sources.

Investigate information ownership topics

access

distribution rights

hacking

licensure

open source

public domain

software piracy

Describe security and privacy issues that relate to computer networks.

Explain principles of network security and techniques that protect stored and transmitted data (e.g., encryption, cryptography, and authentication).

Describe how mathematical and statistical functions, sets, and logic are used in computation.

Utilize predefined mathematical functions and parameters to divide a complex problem into simpler parts, including parallel processing.

Interpret truth tables from basic statements using Boolean operators (AND, OR, XOR, and NOT).

Explain ways in which sequence, selection, iteration, and recursion are building blocks of algorithms.

Create systems of equations based on real-world situations.

Impacts of Computing

Computers and Communication Devices

Programming and Algorithms

Collaboration

Computer Systems and Computational Thinking

Demonstrate an understanding of the basics of cartography.

Demonstrate basic proficiency in map creation, including adding layers, adding additional data, changing data symbology, configuring pop-up, saving and sharing maps.

Use geospatial technology to explore and investigate environmental problems such as:

resource management

impact assessment

Use geospatial technology to explore and investigate rural and urban issues such as:

urban planning

transportation

logistics

emergency planning to calculate emergency response times in the event of a natural disaster.

Explore uses of geospatial technology by law enforcement to map, visualize, and analyze crime incident patterns.

Use geospatial technology to explore and investigate business problems related to asset management.

Use geospatial technology to explore and investigate problems related to medical geography and epidemiology.

Research a career related to GIS and present a career summary, projected job outlook, and roles and responsibilities.

Demonstrates an understanding of GPS technology, data collection, and data layer creation in an online mapping system.

Collect GPS data using a GPS unit, compile it into a .cvs file, and add it to a saved web map.

Use geospatial technology to explore and investigate the history of cartography.

Demonstrate a basic proficiency in map reading; an understanding of scale; an understanding of the power of analysis; and an understanding of the history of map creation and use.

Demonstrate an awareness of the ethical and social implications of the use of GIS and GPS system, including system reliability, privacy, legal issues, and the social and ethical ramifications of their use.

Identify the impacts GIS and GPS systems have on individuals, society, commercial markets, and innovation.

Analyze GIS data to identify spatial relationships or display results of analyses, using maps, graphs, or tabular data.

Collect data using a student-created online data collection technology.

Identify a community need related to a human impact on the environment; create a capstone mapping project that describes a solution for that human impact using student collected and generated GIS data; and evaluate competing solutions in terms of effectiveness at mitigating the human impact.

Create an Internet-based map product (story map application or web application) that describes a solution for mitigating a human impact on the environment using students collected and generated GIS data.

Use a GPS-enabled data collection technology to groundtruth an existing dataset, such as a published data layer, an orthophotograph, or remotely-sensed satellite imagery.

Create a presentation using an online map system displaying a student-created map with a purpose of educating the public on a community, state or national social issue.

Use a web-based GIS to answer questions about the earth and the environment.

Impacts of Computing

Computers and Communication Devices

Programming and Algorithms

Collaboration

Computer Systems and Computational Thinking

Use predefined functions and parameters, classes and methods to divide a complex problem into simpler parts.

Describe the concept of parallel processing as a strategy to solve large problems.

Describe how computation shares features with art andmusic by translating human intention into an artifact.

Work in a team to design and develop a software artifact.

Use collaborative tools to communicate with project team members (e.g., discussion threads, wikis, biogs, version control, etc.).

Describe how computing enhances traditional forms and enables new forms of experience, expression, communication, and collaboration.

Identify how collaboration influences the design and development of software products.

Create and organize Web pages through the use of a variety of web programming design tools.

Use mobile devices/emulators to design, develop, and implement mobile computing applications.

Use various debugging and testing methods to ensure program correctness (e.g., test cases, unit testing, white box, black box, integration testing).

Apply analysis, design, and implementation techniques to solve problems (e.g., use one or more software lifecycle models).

Describe a software development process used to solve software problems (e.g., design, coding, testing, verification).

Use Application Program Interfaces (APls) and libraries to facilitate programming solutions.

Select appropriate file formats for various types and uses of data.

Describe a variety of programming languages available to solve problems and develop systems.

Explain the program execution process.

Explain the principles of security by examining encryption, cryptography, and authentication techniques.

Explore a variety of careers to which computing is central.

Describe techniques for locating and collecting small and large-scale data sets.

Describe how mathematical and statistical functions, sets, and logic are used in computation.

Describe the unique features of computers embedded in mobile devices and vehicles (e.g., cell phones, automobiles, airplanes).

Develop criteria for purchasing or upgrading computer system hardware.

Explain how sequence, selection, iteration, and recursion are building blocks of algorithms.

Describe the principal components of computer organization (e.g., input, output, processing, and storage).

Compare various forms of input and output.

Explain the multiple levels of hardware and software that support program execution (e.g., compilers, interpreters, operating systems, networks).

Apply strategies for identifying and solving routine hardware and software problems that occur in everyday life.

Compare and contrast client-server and peer-to-peer network strategies.

Explain the basic components of computer networks (e.g., servers, file protection, routing, spoolers and queues, shared resources, and fault-tolerance).

Describe how the Internet facilitates global communication.

Describe the major applications of artificial intelligence and robotics.

Compare appropriate and inappropriate social networking behaviors.

Discuss the impact of computing technology on business and commerce (e.g., automated tracking of goods, automated financial transactions, e-commerce, cloud computing).

Compare techniques for analyzing massive data collections.

Describe the role that adaptive technology can play in the lives of people with special needs.

Compare the positive and negative impacts of technology on culture (e.g., social networking, delivery of news and other public media, and intercultural communication).

Describe strategies for determining the reliability of information found on the Internet.

Differentiate between information access and information distribution rights.

Describe how different kinds of software licenses can be used to share and protect intellectual property.

Discuss the social and economic implications associated with hacking and software piracy.

Describe different ways in which software is created and shared and their benefits and drawbacks (commercial software, public domain software, open source development).

Describe security and privacy issues that relate to computer networks.

Explain the impact of the digital divide on access to critical information.

Describe the relationship between binary and hexadecimal representations.

Analyze the representation and trade-offs among various forms of digital information.

Describe how various types of data are stored in a computer system.

Use modeling and simulation to represent and understand natural phenomena.

Discuss the value of abstraction to manage problem complexity.

Global Collaborator

Creative Communicator

Computational Thinker

Innovative Designer

Knowledge Constructor

Digital Citizens

Empowered Learner

Articulate personal learning goals, select, and manage appropriate technologies to achieve them, and reflect on their successes and areas of improvement in working toward their goals.

Understand how to manage digital identities and reputations within school policy, including demonstrating an understanding of how digital actions are never fully erasable.

Demonstrate and advocate for positive, safe, legal, and ethical habits when using technology and when interacting with others online.

Demonstrate and advocate for an understanding of intellectual property with both print and digital media including copyright, permission and fair use by creating a variety of media products that include appropriate citation and attribution elements.

Publish, present, and defend content designed for specific audiences and select platforms that will effectively convey their ideas to those audiences.

Communicate complex ideas clearly using various digital tools to convey the concepts textually, visually, graphically, etc.

Create original works or responsibly repurpose other digital resources into new creative works.

Engage in a design process and employ it to generate ideas, create innovative products or solve authentic problems.

Present ideas and information using appropriate tools that are appropriate for specific audiences.

Find or organize relevant data and use technology to analyze and represent it in various ways to solve problems and make decisions.

Apply evaluation strategies when using electronic resources (such as publication/copyright date, fact vs. fiction, sources, credibility, ease of use).

Develop online networks within school policy, and customize their learning environments in ways that support their learning.

Actively seek performance feedback from people, including teachers, and from functionalities embedded in digital tools to improve their learning process, and select technology to demonstrate their learning in a variety of ways.

Use communication tools (such as email, discussion boards, online conferences, learning management systems, portfolios) to gather information, share ideas and respond to questions.

Use collaborative technologies to connect with others, including peers, experts, and community members, to learn about issues and problems or to gain a broader perspective.

Use digital tools to interact with others to mutually develop a richer understanding of different perspectives and cultures.

Explore local and global issues and select collaborative technologies to use to work with others to investigate and develop solutions.

Utilize a variety of technologies efficiently and transfer their knowledge and skills to learn how to use new technologies.

Select appropriate platforms and tools to create, share, and communicate their work effectively.

Explore real-world issues and problems and actively pursue an understanding of them and solutions for them.

Locate and collect resources from a variety of sources and organize assets into collections for a wide range of projects and purposes.

Practice and demonstrate the ability to evaluate resources for accuracy, perspective, credibility, and relevance.

Utilize research strategies effectively to locate appropriate digital resources across all content areas.

Keep their personal data private and secure, including the awareness of terms such as encryption, HTTPS, passwords, cookies, and computer viruses; understand the limitations of data management and how data-collection technologies work.